Why does a candle flame die under a glass but burn forever in the open?

Light a candle and it can burn for hours. Drop a glass jar over it and — count to twenty — it shrinks, flickers, and goes out. The wax is barely touched. So what did the flame run out of? Let's feed a fire and find out.

1A fire isn't a thing — it's an eater

Fire is fuel and air eating each other

A flame isn't an object sitting there. It's a reaction that has to keep being fed. Two ideas:

Burning eats two things

Fuel + a gas in the air crash together and turn into heat and light. That crashing-together is the flame. Stop feeding it and there's nothing left to crash.

The gas it eats is oxygen

Only about a fifth of the air is oxygen — the part fire eats. The flame gulps it up, so it needs fresh air arriving all the time or it goes hungry.

2The three things a fire needs

The fire triangle

A fire needs three things all at once. Picture them as the three corners of a triangle — take any one corner away and the triangle falls apart, and so does the flame:

Fuelsomething to burn — like wax, wood, or paper
Heatwarm enough to keep the reaction going
Oxygenthe gas in the air the fire eats

All three together → a flame lives. Remove any one → the flame dies.

3Your turn — feed the fire

Drag each supply and watch the flame answer

Here's a live flame with three taps feeding it: fuel, heat, and oxygen. Try turning each one down on its own. A fire is only as strong as its weakest supply — starve any single one and the whole flame shrinks.

Big, healthy flame 🔥

Fuel plenty
NONEPLENTY
Heat hot
COLDHOT
Oxygen lots of air
NO AIRLOTS

4Now drop the glass

Two candles, lots of wax. Cover one. 🫙

Two identical candles, both with plenty of wax to burn. You'll drop a glass jar over the one on the left and leave the right one open. Guess what happens first — then watch.

Guess before you drop the glass

Both candles have lots of wax. You seal the left one under a glass. Which goes out first — and why?