A child at a beach compares one sharp rock chip with one rounded grain through a magnifier.
a collision-history mystery

Which journey rounds a grain more?

mission started — follow each collision

Fresh chips are angular; many sand grains are rounded. Distance can create collisions—but roughness changes the count too. Count the knocks.

clue 1

Many grains begin as sharp fragments

A sharp tan chip breaks from a rocky cliff and drops into a teal stream.

Weathering loosens fragments. Rivers and waves can carry them, and hard collisions knock off corners over time.

clue 2 · count impacts

Each hard knock can remove a corner

0 knocks0 hard knocks
0 knocks8 knocks

Apply up to eight practice knocks to one chip. The model makes it smaller and rounder as corners disappear.

clue 3 · same distance

The riverbed changes the collision count

smooth bed2 practice contacts
smooth bedrough bed

Keep route length fixed. A rougher bed creates more hard contacts than a smooth bed in this model.

try unrelated routes

Length is only a shortcut

pair A3 knocks versus 6
pair Apair C

Compare the counted knocks, not the drawn length. Try three non-gate route pairs.

put the clues together

Same chips, different histories

Both chips start identical. The short rough route schedules eight hard knocks; the long smooth route schedules five. No final grain is shown.

Commit before the new setup runs.

Which route makes the rounder grain?